The Tempest as a Power Struggle Between the New and the Old World

To what extent do you agree that The Tempest is a power struggle between the old and the new world? Shakespeare’s Plays II Assignment 1 Rocio Corral Garcia 119042576 It is generally accepted that Shakespeare’s Play The Tempest is complex in many senses, but it cannot be denied that it is especially rich in terms of interpretation. A huge variety of critical analyses have been written about Shakespeare’s last play suggesting different possible approaches to it, such as human salvation, magic, colonisation and power.This essay will focus on the struggle between the old and the new world, which is one of the major themes in this play and that can be easily applied to politics and conspiracy in their more broad sense. Prospero is a European who dominates the island on his own and he is able to do so because he has magic powers. In this way he controls the island and its inhabitants by combining threats of force, promises of freedom and all kind of techniques characte ristic of a proper dictator. He takes charge of the island which does not belong to him and exerts his power over the inhabitants, forcing them to serve him as slaves.It is almost impossible to draw a parallelism between this situation and the European colonial power in North America during the XVII century. Thus, it may be assumed that the old world stands for Europe and all its common practices and customs while the new world is represented by the uncivilised island. Throughout the whole play the reader is able to find several occasions in which the struggle between the new and the old world is very noticeable. In the first scene of the play, for example, we find the exchange between Prospero and Miranda talking about what has been left in the old world: dukedom and serving women.For them, living in the island means abandoning all these things and implementing facets of the new world. Miranda has been educated by her father following the old world rules but at the same time she ha s learned the secrets of the island by Caliban. Caliban is a native of the island who rails against language and is forced to submit. He reveals against all those things related to the old world, since he belongs to the new one. This fighting is constant along the play. Then, on the second act Shakespeare presents the difference between the new and the old world in terms of appearance.That is to say, the green and the light of the new world contrast with the European world. The new world is wild and uncivilised. Gonzalo has his own dream which is labelled as a utopian view of the island. He portrays it without order and hierarchy. In his new world there would not be chaos because everyone will be happy: I' the commonwealth I would by contraries Execute all things; for no kind of traffic Would I admit; no name of magistrate; Letters should not be known; riches, poverty, And use of service, none; contract, succession, Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none; No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil;No occupation; all men idle, all; And women too, but innocent and pure; No sovereignty; The reader may acknowledge this as the internal fight men had in this era. Following this scene we find the metaphor of the drunken servant men that come to the island and they imagine that they are able to rule it, thinking that they will secure the loyalty of a native through gifts and the promise of benevolent ruling. This metaphor is made on the basis of a strong parallelism with the real accounts of the colonisation. So, there cannot be any reading of The Tempest without considering it as a study of colonialism.During the colonisation the struggle between the colonizers and the colonized world was a constant feature, so this view support the idea that The Tempest is a clear example of the struggle between the old and the new world. The English colonial project is on Shakespeare’s mind throughout the play, as almost every character, from Gonzalo to Stephano, imagines h ow he would rule the island if he were its king. Shakespeare seems as well to be influenced by Montagne’s essay â€Å"Of the Cannibals† since the name of Prospero’s servant is Caliban could be an anagram of â€Å"cannibal†.Prospero stands for the dominant part in his relationship with Caliban and his allusions to him are most the time is contemptuous. Prospero describes Caliban as: â€Å"Devil, a born devil on whose nature, Nurture can never stick† This description of Caliban is quite similar to those descriptions of the â€Å"savages† by Captain John Smith who set the first English settlement in Jamestown, or to those descriptions given by Mary Rowlandson later in the XVII century.These descriptions fit perfectly with Prospero’s concept of Caliban, so maybe Shakespeare’s intention here is to make a direct link between the current accounts of the colonisation process and the situation of the play. Again, this makes a clear inst ance that the play wants to portray the confrontation between the old and the new world. This clear struggle in the play between the new and the old world may be emphasized by political themes associated with Caliban’s conspiracy and Prospero’s colonialist control of the island. This essay will focus now on the political issue of the play.On the one hand, it may be clear that usurpation is the main political theme pervading the play. The possibility of usurpation is precisely what allows Prospero to legitimise and sustain his totalitarism on the island. Paradoxically, he was first usurped from his throne and it is him who repeats that behaviour in the island. Prospero’s power is proved by Caliban’s resistance. Caliban stands for the main dissident voice in the play. His threatening integration of Prospero’s rhetoric makes him a dangerous insider to the established system: â€Å"You taught me language, and my profit on ’tIs I know how to cur se. The red plague rid you For learning me your language! † Caliban’s use of language illustrates perfectly the potential to resistance contained within power. , and Prospero’s response to Caliban consists in violent outbursts of rage: â€Å"Hag-seed, hence! Fetch us in fuel. And be quick, thou ‘rt best, To answer other business. Shrug’st thou, malice? If thou neglect’st or dost unwillingly What I command, I’ll rack thee with old cramps, Fill all thy bones with aches, make thee roar That beasts shall tremble at thy din. Prospero’s violence hardly hides his terror at Caliban’s appropriation of his language. On the other hand, the play deals perfectly with the topic of conspiracy, being Caliban its maximum exponent. Caliban resists to Prospero’s authority, but this authority may be called into question, since Prospero gets it by means of usurpation. Anyway, Caliban’s role is essential in terms of resistance; h owever, by depriving Prospero by his unique discourse, he represents the existence of alternative voices in the island.He exposes three different versions of the past in the island: Caliban’s, Ariel’s and Prospero’s, although it is the latest the one who succeed. Prospero appropriates the past of the island, and he rewrites history according to his own standards, in order to construct a credible narrative. Caliban shows his resistance: â€Å"This island’s mine, by Sycorax my mother, Which thou takest from me† Prospero manages to make his version the one to be trusted. He describes Sycorax as the malevolent witch, a chaos and evil, which contrasts with him, the balance.This is another actual clue that asserts the play as the struggle between the new and the old world. Prospero assures that it was Sycorax who imprisoned Ariel and it was him who released Ariel. It seems that Sycorax is dead, since she does not appear on stage, but her presence lurks o minously in the background. Despite her physical absence from the play Sycorax has great importance. In the politics of the play she serves an ideological function as she is constructed as the evil witch, the ‘other', through which Prospero's ownership of the island is legitimised.She is constructed as being the antithesis to Prospero – female, non-European and evil – and Prospero uses her to justify his acts of dispossession. Prospero shapes the past on his own way. However, the presence of other rivals frightens Prospero, and his anxiety increases as it is shown with his irrational outburst of anger at Caliban’s command of language. Besides, in the island there are different ideological ways of thinking, such as Gonzalo’s political manifesto mentioned above â€Å"No sovereignty† (2. 1, 156). Indeed, Gonzalo’s utopia is likely to the real hierarchy in the island, ince there is a king but without sovereignty. Another aspect of the play that may be related to politics is the marriage between Miranda and Ferinand, since it serves as an agreement between the old world, here represented by Ferinand, and the new world, embodied by Miranda. In this way the marriage stands as a peace treaty between both worlds. It might represent a political marriage, which were very common during the Elizabethan period. The reader may find another political marriage in the play, since in Act II Alonso’s daughter marries the king of Tunis against her wishes.But this is not the case of Miranda, since she falls in love to Ferinand at the first glance. However, this marriage is a sort of business because Miranda is a political tool in Prospero’s plan. Besides, it is very interesting that Miranda is the only female character on an island full of men. She makes possible the reconciliation and redemption of both, Prospero and Alonso. The most important value of Miranda is her chastity which enables the marriage. Virginity is a m atter of politics in the play, since with Miranda being not pure the marriage would not be possible.But Prospero makes sure that her daughter is virgin and emphasizes Miranda’s purity linking her to her mother: Thy mother was a piece of virtue, and She said thou wast my daughter; and thy father Was Duke of Milan, and his only heir And princess no worse issued. Finally, it may be concluded that The Tempest presents different instances of the struggle between the old and the new world, and that Shakespeare draws a strong parallelism with the issue of colonisation and the plot of the play. It might be also acknowledged that there is a final reconciliation between both worlds which is sealed by Miranda and Ferinand’s marriage.Although this play was composed in the XVII century, there are several timeless topics that Shakespeare portrays like political usurpation, conspiracy and struggle for power, that occupy a first place in present day life. Bibliography Primary texts: S hakespeare, William. The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974 Secondary texts: Free Tempest Essays: â€Å"Relevance of The Tempest Today† Retrieved February 26, 2012 from: http://www. 123HelpMe. com/view. asp? id=7486 Gibson, Rex. The Tempest. Cambridge Student Guides. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2006.Hamilton, Donna B. Virgil and The Tempest: The Politics of Imitation . Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990. Montaigne, Michael de, The Complete Essays. London: Penguin,2003. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Gonzalo’s speech. (2. 1,123-32) [ 2 ]. Montagne, Michael de. The Complete Essays. Trans. M. A. Screech. London: Penguin, 2003 [ 3 ]. Prospero’s description of Caliban (4. 1,188-9) [ 4 ]. Caliban’s speech (1. 2,369-70) [ 5 ]. Prospero’s speech (1. 2,371-76) [ 6 ]. Caliban’s words (1. 2,334. 5) [ 7 ]. Prospero’s speech (1. 2,56-59)

Professional Development Assignment Essay

The various kinds of health professionals are educated in separate schools but with considerable overlap in curricula and training requirements. They are, however, expected to integrate their training and work together after graduation. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of this approach to professional education in terms of costs, educational efficiency, and patient care quality. List one advantage and one disadvantage for each. The structure of the U.S heath care system is certainly a topic greatly debated. Whether it is discussing the cost of health care, poor outcomes, shortages in health care workers, underutilization of other health care workers, the lack of access to care, or growing demand by consumers for health care that offers choice, quality, convenience, affordability and personalized care. It is not a secret that the United States spends more money than any other nation on health care, but only ranks 34th in the world in life expectancy and has higher mortality rates in infants than any other nation that is developed. Our health workforce was described as dysfunctional in public and private health workforce policy and infrastructure putting the health of Americans at risk. Could it be the lack of integrated education and teamwork from those that are involved in the care of our patients? Health care professionals are educated in differing schools of thought. If there were overlapping curricula and raining requirements integrating their training there would be both advantages and disadvantages involved. Physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals ultimately work together with the common goal of serving an individual patient. Yet few have developed the essential team skills to  help them work productively with their colleagues, analyzing outcomes and processes of care to improve continuously, by using each person’s skills to the fullest. To realize these benefits, we need to infuse the value of teamwork into the medical education culture through specific curriculum changes. An advantage to overlapping and integrating training would not only be to benefit, but students from diverse disciplines, such as physician assistant, nursing, and medical students, could take some classes together. Eventually, this type of broad restructuring would be cost-effective. As a purposefully designed additional benefit, students would learn to know and respect those in other disciplines, fostering teamwork. As students advance, they need to be offered more opportunities to learn and work side-by-side in realistic, interdisciplinary settings. A disadvantage or problem to this topic is the financing of the integrated medical education. Good teaching, whether it is conducted in the classroom, clinic, or hospital, requires time. Innovative approaches to teaching, progressive skills instruction, multitier assessment, and support of the development of professionalism all require teachers who have the time to observe, instruct, coach, and assess their students and who also have time for self-reflection and their own professional development. Although the educational mission is expensive, many medical schools already possess the funds to support teaching properly, if they choose to use the funds for this purpose (Cooke, Irby, Sullivan, Ludmerer, 2006). An oversupply of physicians in many urban regions contrasts with continuing problems of access in rural and inner-city areas. Why does the mal-distribution of physicians persist in spite of the number of physicians graduated? Access to healthcare in the United States is affected dramatically by where a physician is located. The current misdistribution of physicians, which exists in rural and inner city areas, is of great concern. Out of the 300,000 primary care physicians nationwide, only 11 percent practice in rural areas, making the total number of practicing physicians per person much lower in rural areas compared to urban areas (General Accounting Office, 2003). There are two main measures of medical underservice in the  U.S., health professional shortage areas and medically underserved areas and some special need populations. Both measures require communities to apply for designation. These designations allow the government to target resources to those determined to be most in need (Colwill and Cultice, 2003). There are two principal conditions leading to physician shortages in rural communities according to Wright and colleagues. They are â€Å"demand-deficient†, meaning they have insufficient populations and resources to support a physician practice, they are â€Å"ambiance-challenged,† meaning they are isolated, lack quality services and amenities, and/or are in geographically unattractive settings, or a combination of the two sets of conditions. Inner-city physician shortages are a more recently recognized issue. They are affected by the same conditions, though the specifics are different (Wright, Andrilla, and Hart 2001). Living in rural Iowa this is an issue and a problem I have seen and experienced far too many times. One example I can think of would be my grandmother was in her seventies and was as spry as she had been in her fifties. She was in charge of anything and everything she could be in charge of. She spent her life working as an administrator in a popular com pany and was very prominent in her small community. She was popular with her peers and kind to everyone her path crossed. When she turned 72 she began having headaches. She went to her local small farm town community doctor. He prescribed her â€Å"prescription-strength† ibuprofen and told her to slow down. She took his advice and slowed down to the best of her ability. The headaches continued and she returned to ole â€Å"doc Jamison† as she would say. When he told her it was stress, she believed him and tried to â€Å"de-clutter and de-stress† her life. When that didn’t work she talked herself out of returning because she was embarrassed. He ran no test, he asked few questions, he was a poor communicator, and he lacked resources or challenging cases to compare patients to. My grandmother died shortly after seeing him of a brain tumor. Another example was my father-in-law suffering a heart attack. He went to the ER in his small community with chest pain. When I arrived he was in the ICU on a nitro and morphine drip. I said, wait why is he still here. He was in pain, on a morphine drip, EKG changes, and receiving nitro. It didn’t make sense to me. The doctor said, â€Å"the cardiologist comes on  Wednesday†. WHAT? Yes. Small town Iowa was going to hold onto my father-in-law until the cardiologist came two days later. These are only a couple of the thousands of examples of poor care, limited recourses, and limited providers in rural communities. The health care delivery system now places increased emphasis on maintaining wellness and on promoting disease avoidance through healthy behaviors and lifestyles. What challenges does this new orientation pose for our existing system of medical education and training? In 1991 the Pew Charitable Trusts published a report that outlined what was expected to drive future health care. They concluded that a health-oriented approach that stresses disease prevention would characterize future health care systems. They emphasized, â€Å"that health concerns will be addressed at the community level and that medical schools will require that learning in a community environment will be a part of physician training. Physicians will need to be well versed in social and environmental health determinants. Focusing on preventative care and treatment techniques that use technology to the patient’s advantage is the challenge facing the new physician† (Inwald and Winters, 1995). Medical education does not always go hand in hand with health promotion and disease prevention. The United States ranks poorly to other industrialized countries on most important health indicators. Chronic disease in particular is affecting the nation’s health. Chronic illness, such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease, and their underlying cause such as obesity and tobacco use, affect more than 130 million Americans (Wu and Green, 2000). Health promotion is not a priority in the United States. â€Å"Although practicing preventive medicine is a cost saving mechanism, nationwide we spend most health care dollars treating preventable diseases† (Inwald and Winters, 1995). In order to improve our nation’s health and spend our nation’s resources most effectively we must put greater emphasis on efforts to keep people healthy as opposed to only treating them once they become ill. Prevention  is one of the best ways to help Americans live longer, healthier lives and increase our nation’s productivity. Preventing disease requires more than providing people with information to make healthy choices. While knowledge is critical, communities must reinforce and support health, for example, by making healthy choices easy and affordable. Health care providers should implement policies and systems to support the delivery of high-impact clinical preventive services and enhance linkages between clinical and community prevention efforts. For example, a health care system can adopt a decision support system that prompts clinicians to deliver appropriate clinical preventive services to patients. Medical students are overwhelmed with the amount of information and classes they have to take. There is so much for them to learn with all of the rotations they have to take. It is important to remember that these students have so many disease processes and pharmacology to learn that disease prevention and health promotion is sometimes not in their realm of thinking. This is why it is important for us to be sure they understand the importance of this topic and for physicians to adhere to the guidelines they are given. The successful integration of disease prevention and health promotion principles into medical student education does not depend on new curriculum, curriculum coordination and integration, or the use of new educational technology. Ultimately, the academic health sciences centers and schools of medicine must reconnect with the health needs of people, forming alliances with community groups and programs that focus on prevention. This reconnection demands a shift in core institutional values—from the paradigm of healing to the paradigm of health. References: Colwill, J., Cultice, J, (2003). The Future Supply of Family Physicians: Implications for Rural America. Health Affairs, 22:190-198. Cooke M., Irby D., Sullivan W., Ludmerer K. (2006). American medical education 100 years after the Flexner report. New England Journal of Medicine. 355(13):1339-1344. General Accounting Office (1999). Physician Shortage Areas: Medicare Incentive Payments Not an Effective Approach to Improve Access. Report to Congressional Requesters. Greiner A., Knebel E. (2003). Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Inwald, S., Winters, F. (1995). Emphasizing a preventive medicine orientation during primary care/family practice residency training. Journal of American Osteopathic Association. 95:268. Wright, G., Andrilla, C., Hart, L (2001). How Many Physicians Can A Rural Community Support? A Practice Income Potential Model for Washington State. WWAMI Rural Health Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine. Seattle, WA. Wu S, Green A. (2000). Projection of Chronic Illness Prevalence and Cost Inflation. RAND Corporation.

Institutional investments- the pension schemes Essay

Institutional investments- the pension schemes - Essay Example 18). These are retirement plans made by insurance companies, the government and other institutions put in place to assist their employers after retirement period. Pension is usually made by the employer’s body in order to enable their employees sustain themselves after retirement as they are not able to be paid their normal salaries after retirement. Through this they will be able to benefit and support themselves. In addition to this, they can be funded by labor unions as well as the government, among other organizations. Pension schemes can be divided into defined-benefit and defined-contribution pension scheme. Differences between Defined-benefit and Defined-contribution Pension Schemes A defined benefit pension scheme is dependent on the final salary of an employee depending on the member’s length of service and based on a fixed formula (Mathis & Jackson 2012, pg. 11). It can be either funded defined benefit pension scheme or unfunded defined pension scheme whereby the benefits are paid up by the sponsor or the employee. The funded benefit pension scheme is dependent on the contribution from the plan members and the employer, as well others in the contribution to the pension scheme. A defined contribution pension scheme can be termed as an investment fund at retirement, and which depends on the level of contribution prior to the retirement. This depends on how much each contributor releases to the pension scheme and also on the money contributed in the investment after retirement. The contributions are invested in the stock market where it can succeed or fail. An example is the Australian superannuation system and the United States section 415, 401 limits among others. A defined benefit pension scheme growth is slow especially at the early years and tends to grow in the mid-work period. This leads to an increase in its costs to older employees as compared to the younger employees, aided by the flat accrual rate and also the decreasing period f or interest discounting as retirement period approaches (Redhead 2003, pg. 51). This therefore only favors the companies and not the younger people, making it unpopular among many people. This leads to the risk of spending a lot of cash and also gets a higher interest led by the time period as it is not funded by the government. The funding makes it to be risky and thus less trusted by most people as it may not be well funded in the future and may also be terminated. Defined contribution pension scheme is a better way or form of investing money as it is put in the stock exchange and through this it is possible to see how one’s portfolio grows. This leads to competition and through this the person or the company can increase its share values and also choose how to can invest. This is different in the defined benefit pension scheme as the amount or pension paid is not invested as the contribution is fixed. Contributions are also made annually or monthly causing them to get a lo wer retirement amount as compared to those in defined contribution pension schemes, and thus making people prefer contribution pension schemes over defined benefit pension schemes. Why Defined-contribution Pension Schemes are becoming more important Defined benefit pen

Is Russia a Democratic State under Putin Research Proposal

Is Russia a Democratic State under Putin - Research Proposal Example In Russia however, since the end of the era of Stalin, which was clearly dictatorial and totalitarian, the succeeding governments through their rule have not demonstrated democracy in a clear manner. Putin has come under sharp criticism from the international fraternity regarding his governance approach in Russia. It thus becomes hard to tell whether or not Russia is a democratic state under Putin. Therefore, it is important to conduct a study in an attempt to address this uncertainty. This study will mainly focus on the situation of Russia under the leadership of Putin with regard to its adoption of democracy. Democracy is however a broad term thus will need to be broken down for effective analysis. In this regard therefore, it becomes important to adopt an analytical framework. In this case therefore, the analysis of level of democracy in Russia under Putin will be based on the 2004 UN General Assembly’s seven principles of democracy. The state of Russia will thus be analyse d based on its performance in (i) the separation and balance of power (ii) independence of the judiciary (iii) a pluralistic system of political parties and organizations (iv) the rule of law (v) accountability and transparency (vi) freedom of the media, and (vii) respect for political rights (Meyer-Resende 2011, 5). If the results show that the country performs well in all these seven areas, it will be indicative of its high level of democracy. On the other hand, if results show that the country performs poorly in these areas, it will indicate that the country is not democratic. The issue of democracy in Russia has been a major area of interest for many scholars of Political Science as well as different international organizations and the world at large. This is mainly because of the position of Russia and the contribution it makes to the world economy among other areas.

Youth decision for military careers Dissertation

Youth decision for military careers - Dissertation Example This work highlights the importance of the military as an option for America's youth in relation to improved education, financial stability, and as a method of personal goal-attainment. Statistically, there are alarming groups of adolescents who are exposed to gang-related activities and drug abuse that have no significant medium in which to escape negative environments. For these demographic groups, the military is not only a substantial option, but might even by their ONLY method to achieve a better style of living. Today's military is geared toward relationship-building, career accomplishment, and helps to instill methods of teamwork that benefit the teenager in the short-term, but also teaches life enhancement techniques that carry well into adulthood. With the rising cost of university education, some parents and children might be willing to explore a military enlistment as a recognizable outlet for an alternative to providing quality career education.The branches of the United States military are actively working to increase recruitment among young adults at the high school level, however, there is a concerning disconnect. With the current world events and social attitude towards the military and war against terrorism, the somewhat negative perceptions carry over towards recruitment. Much the same as other historical wars, the war on terrorism will eventually end, but the need for high quality recruits will not.

Management accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management accounting - Assignment Example These total overhead costs are then divided by the total number of labour hours to obtain the budgeted factory over head rate. That rate is multiplied by the number of hours to complete one unit of Vivaldehyde and Kathanol in order to determine Factory Overhead Rate per unit of Vivaldehyde and Kathanol. These FOH rates are then multiplied by the total number of units of both Vivaldehyde and Kathanol to obtain Total Factory Overhead costs. Similarly, total number of units produced was then multiplied by direct material cost per unit and direct labour cost per unit in order to calculate total direct material cost and total labour cost respectively. Per unit direct material cost, per unit direct labour cost and per unit factory overhead cost were then added to get the total per unit cost of both products. 40% mark-up was then added on the total per unit costs of both the products in order to arrive at the selling prices for both of the products. Activity Based Costing is the technique that is applied due to the lack of appropriateness of the traditional Absorption Costing. For Activity Based Costing, in the first step the relevant cost drivers and their total activity levels are identified which cause the factory overheads to incur. Total factory overhead costs of every department are then divided by the relevant activity level of each cost drivers to find out the activity rates. Those activity rates are then multiplied by the exact level of activity consumed by each product to obtain the factory overhead cost incurred by the each product. In this way, the factory overhead rate is calculated. Factory overhead rate along with direct material per unit as well as direct labour per unit are then added up to reach at the total cost per unit of both Vivaldehyde and Kathanol. Total Factory Overhead Costs of both products are having different values in Activity Based Costing than those of Absorption Cost due to

See word Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

See word - Essay Example Team building exercises help in the development trust among employees. Trust and effective will help eliminate baseless arguments the workplace. Instead, employees will focus on helping each grow as professionals. The overall team productivity is bound to increase. The other factors that might result in profitability after corporate retreats are motivation and familiarity. Employees get to know each other, which benefits the whole team. Employees feel motivated because the company cares for their wellbeing. Motivated employees mean increased output. 2. There are several ways to build effective and encourage teamwork. First, one can organize a meeting for all employees. The meeting can be done with the workplace. It will provide an opportunity to brainstorm on how to improve the company. It is a chance for employees to familiarize with fellow employees. Alternatively, the company can simulate tasks that require teamwork and choose teams to participate. The winning team can receive credits in the form of gifts. The key is to emphasize the importance of teamwork. These alternatives can achieve the same objectives achieved by corporate retreat. In addition, they are much cheaper compared to the cost of corporate retreats. 3. The company can find the best place to fit employees that lack athletic ability. For example, employees that lack athletic team can be part of the team involved in formulating strategies how to win. In addition, the organization can organize exercises that do not demand too much athletic ability. Employees who perform poorly in the athletic activities will feel left out. One is likely to feel discouraged and alien to the team. The team building will drive the poorly performing employee to avoid being with the team. It will separate the individual from the team. Therefore, the organizer must find a way to include the individual in other games. 4. Advancements in

Contemporary Management Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Contemporary Management - Research Proposal Example In the face of a fast-paced business environment due to continuous technological advances the practice of management has been changing according to those changes. The emergence of new fads or fashions in management requires a scientific approach to determine the features of a sound management viewpoint. All of this implies that it is necessary to study contemporary management theories and tools in order to determine the validity of management in a global business scenario. The research project deals with the study of contemporary management theories and tools that can be helpful in the area of strategic management in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage for a global company that has to face a complex variety of challenges during the course of its everyday operation. The integration of the "naturalist" (Barnard) and the "rationalist" (Taylor) viewpoints can be very useful for approaching the integration of management with a new and valid insight. Management theories and tools come and go at a rapid rate. Most of them are fads, fashions or replications of forgotten ones without any scientific foundation of real and lasting value. ... The integration of the "naturalist" (Barnard) and the "rationalist" (Taylor) viewpoints can be very useful for approaching the integration of management with a new and valid insight. 2.0.- Literature Review 2.1.- Contemporary Management Theories and Tools. Management theories and tools come and go at a rapid rate. Most of them are fads, fashions or replications of forgotten ones without any scientific foundation of real and lasting value. This point is the source of a study by Chester Spell (2001). For instance, Spell argues that Management By Objectives (MBO) was described by Smitty in the 1950s according to Greenwood in one of his works published in 1981. Harvard Business Review also states that Drucker's MBO was studied by D. McGregor back in 1957. (Spell, 2001). In this research proposal it is aimed at studying management theories and tools that can pass the test of time. K. K. Naidoo studied the classical management writers to find Chester I. Barnard as an overlooked writer who integrates the "rationalist" and the "naturalist" schools of management thought. First, Naidoo enumerates the five principles of Frederick Winslow Taylor in his work from 1911 entitled "Scientific Management": "1.- Shift all responsibility for the organisation of work from the worker to the manager; managers should do all the thinking relating to the planning and design of work, leaving the workers with the task of implementation. 2.- Use scientific methods to determine the most efficient ways of doing work; design the worker's task accordingly, specifying the precise way in which the work is to be done. 3.- Select the best

What is the significance of fire in Faulkner's Barn Burning Essay

What is the significance of fire in Faulkner's Barn Burning - Essay Example sis, and such practice is still in continuance today where individuals and scholars are attempting to analyze a piece of literature to identify different symbols, themes, and moral lessons from it. This paper is attempting a similar attempt of analyzing one of the most popular works of William Faulkner: ‘Barn Burning’ (Faulkner, pp. 1-47), and will endeavor to identify the significance and representation of the ‘fire’ in this tale of acceptance and self-discovery. Brief review of this piece of literature has indicated that Sarty has played the leading role in this story while his father depicts an unconstructive role due to, and in protest of the upper classes of the Civil War. In specific, Abner Snopes is father in this story that cherishes the moment of destruction of others’ barns that he burns to protest against aristocrats (Faulkner, pp. 11-12). In this story, the author has attempted to portray different aspects of the relationship of father and son, as the leading character of the story confronts two sides: his father’s and truth’s. In such theme, the author has played a significant role by using the symbolized notion of ‘fire’ at various places of the story. Although fire is a factual object, however, the notion of fire symbolizes anger of the father, as well as his impudence and effrontery for property, and specifically, barns of other people. In this way, the author has attempted to use the symbol of fire to explain hidden messages in the story, as the approach is clear from the very start of the story that begins with fire of a barn and ends with the same. In personal opinion, brief review of the story indicated that leading character’s obsessive affection to his family (Millgate, pp. 271), especially to his father is also related to the notion of ‘fire’, as story shows that Sarty trusted his father in the beginning and continued to think that fires will end soon; however, the story ended with another fire from his father. In

Exploring the relationship between digital Architecture and digital Essay

Exploring the relationship between digital Architecture and digital fabrication - Essay Example As a matter of fact, it emerges that the relationship between the two is solely responsible for the increased automation in the construction industry. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Digital architecture 5 Digital fabrication 6 Digital architecture versus digital fabrication 8 Case study: Greater London Authority 12 Discussion 15 Conclusion 17 Reference 19 Table of figures Figure 1: Paradigmatic shift in digital design 8 Figure 2: levels of digital computability 9 Figure 3: Mercedes Benz Museum 10 Figure 4: Cecil Belmond’s Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 11 Figure 5: Weaire-Phelan structure and Water Cube 12 Figure 6: Greater London Authority 13 Figure 7: Programmed wall elements 14 Introduction At a time when art and design are intertwined and increasingly sophisticated, generating ideas and fabrication of the ideas into items for reflection and evaluation of the conceptualized creativity is important. Conventionally, painters produce sketches as items of their creati ve processes; explore composition possibilities in form of pencil drawings before finalizing the paintings. On the other hand, Architects explore lots of design possibilities via sketching of designs, hard-line drawings, physical models, as well as manufacturing artifacts for diverse ideas exploration. In the modern world, architects have adopted digital design in manufacturing of shapes and spaces including advanced technologies, which include, generative modeling methods using parametric modeling as well as CAD scripting. Modern architects traditionally generate multiple ideas in form of sketches in order to be able to further narrow down possible solutions to design and manufacturing challenges. Throughout the entire design history, lots of efforts have been put forth in facilitation of the process of generating ideas. Past literature present various endeavors ranging from creative design methodologies to high-end technological solutions. Basing from the technology-methodology pe rspective, there still are lots of innovative technological advances and challenges in design methodology application in multiple circumstances, which can be abridged together. Digital design and fabrication solutions present extensive potentials for integration into creative design process given that it offers possibility of availing tangible artifacts to existence where imagination of the mind is exceeded. Designers conventionally attempt rationalize their designs. Creation of study models, mock-ups and test prototypes are amongst approaches often implemented in validation of utility of designs. These multiple methods considered are treated as post-design evaluation methods. Typically, by the time a prototype comes to focus group session, lots of decisions will already reached. As a matter of fact, in conventional design processes, critical decisions are reached on the paper. Micro design integration decisions shape products. Nonetheless, what makes the process realistic are the s kills and experience levels that the designers exhibit. On the other hand, designers and fabricators are conventionally limited by skills they possess as well as various other parameters. However, digital design and

Transformation of Rome from Republic to Empire Essay Example for Free

Transformation of Rome from Republic to Empire Essay Like so many agricultural cultures, Rome began as a city-state about 600 B.C. It was founded by descendants of Indo-European invaders from central Europe who merged with earlier Italian peoples. The Roman language and many basic social patterns were inherited from the local farmers who had populated the region long before the city was founded. But the city itself borrowed from an earlier Italian civilization, the Etruscan, slightly to the north, and to a lesser extent from Greek colonies in the south. This gave form to early Roman religion and also to political structure. Rome began as a kingdom under Etruscan rule. But about 509 B.C. the Roman aristocracy overthrew the king, and Rome became an aristocratic republic not unlike the Greek city-states. Intense local civic pride was part of this pattern, as in Greece, including a willingness to sacrifice self in the interest of the state. Heroic military action by a few individuals, such as the fabled Horatio holding the bridge over the Tiber river against an Etruscan army, gained Rome increasing independence. Roman family structure was the basis of this kind of culture. It emphasized obedience to the father, although the mother was honored as well. Even though the aristocrats competed for power, they could unite when loyalty to the state was at stake, because they had been trained to subordinate themselves to the common good, just as children were taught to yield to family interest. Religion was another binding force, as was the consideration with which aristocrats treated the common people of the city. In the early days of the republic there was much social tension, but uprisings gave the citizens of the lower class, whatever their wealth,   their own representatives, called tribunes, to oversee their interests in the government. The first law code, the famous Twelve Tables, was introduced about 450 B.C.; this restrained the upper class from arbitrary action. By the third century B.C., citizens of the lower class, called plebeians, could be elected to public office and pass laws. The Roman city-state was not like the Greek. The Roman people met in assemblies, but the assemblies were called and run by officers. There was no choosing of leaders by lot; two consuls were elected by the people each year to serve as executive and military leaders, and almost always these were aristocrats or wealthy plebeians. The consuls scrutinized each others activities so that neither could seize power; behind the scenes the aristocracy could usually run the show. Aristocratic power was formalized in the Roman senate which was composed of anyone who had held public office and who then served as senator for life. This group had only advisory powers, but, composed of experienced and prestigious men, its influence was considerable and it lent stability to the   state. The picture of the Roman state around 250 B.C. proved so attractive to many western political theorists long after the republic was gone that it was copied, at least partially, by a host of western political governments. What was particularly appealing about the Roman arrangement was its balance. Underwritten by definite laws which protected the rights of the citizens, the Roman government checked unlimited democracy without yielding to total upper-class rule; and it prevented executive dictatorship. The division between a popular assembly and an upper-class senate was to be imitated many times. Although legislative authority was predominant, there were separate judges and a separate executive; here was a hint of division of powers and it seemed to work well. Based on political stability, Rome prospered and began a pattern of conquest which none of the Greek city-states had been capable of. Internally, the population increased, which is always a creative factor if properly channeled. Conquest offered the means of distributing the surplus population and of providing wealth for the masses, which helped keep them quiet. Also, Rome was well situated, being in the center of Italy, for once the Etruscans had been beaten and their culture collapsed, there were few powerful rivals surrounding Rome. Finally, the Romans were lenient rulers. Nevertheless, over time the republic itself became unviable. The aristocratic Senate no longer provided consistent wisdom and the populace vied for favors from the rich, particularly the victorious generals. Rome had implicitly chosen between a balanced republic and an empire, in favor of the latter, and this made a military regime inevitable. By 31 B.C. Augustus had defeated his rivals. The Republic was dead, and the Roman Empire, a political structure governing Rome and all the colonies, was now to be created. The empire turned out to be Romes major contribution to the western arsenal of political precedents. Not surprisingly, given the major Roman interests, formal culture remained limited until the last century of the republic, when Greek models were copied and Greek artists and writers, some of them slaves, worked directly for Roman patrons. The Romans did not blindly copy; their painting, for example, differed from what we know of the Greek, showing more realistic portrayals of nature and the human form. Hence, Roman statuary, often busts of the great men of the day, reflects attention to individual facial traits more than the stylized approach of the Greeks. However, the central cultural contribution was to spread a Greco-Roman art and literature to the vast empire and particularly to Western Europe, where such products had never before been known.Textbook writing, increasingly important as Roman creativity waned in the later empire, helped preserve the rudiments of learning not only for the Romans themselves but for later ages. Bibliography Heitland, W. E. A Short History of the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press, 1911.

Compare Macbeth to a Film Adaptation Essay Example for Free

Compare Macbeth to a Film Adaptation Essay In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth† the audience witness’s one man’s overriding ambitions to his iconic fall. Shakespeare makes a point of showing the deterioration of the Macbeth that entered the stage in Act 1 and the Macbeth that dies in act 7, showing that even the deep morality and honesty of a man like a man can worsen into a man who is willing to kill his own King – a deadly sin in Shakespeare’s 17th century. Throughout my piece I shall make unifying links between the adaptation directed by Mark Brozel and the original text wrote by none other than Shakespeare. For the period of Act 1, Scene 2, Macbeth is hailed as the very heroic and brave â€Å"Worthy gentleman!† who â€Å"carved out his passage Till he faced the slave;† this suggests two points already, the fact that Macbeth is a graceful fighter who elegantly â€Å"carved† his way through the battle which also suggests that he is as much a perfectionist in the play as he is a cook in the adaptation. The perfection we see in the play is the perfection of murder, how he kills people so wonderfully and gracefully without any shame. Whereas the adaptation shows a more remorseful Macbeth, it pains him to kill animals inhumanely and uses a less murderous way when he has to, he cooks for perfection also, and before his breakdown at his restaurant he refuses to serve the food late when it was ready at the time, saying â€Å"you can’t keep perfection under the light†, only a perfectionist would inherit such a trait. Plus, he mentions that †the first rule in the kitchen is respect†. In Act 1 Scene 3, you begin to see Macbeth’s character really emerge. In the play Macbeth is intrigued by the witches, this highlights two point, he wants to know more â€Å"Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more† for the reason of asking more questions, because the idea has been proposed that he shall be king and Cawdor. However Joe Macbeth laughs at the idea of being the head chef at his Duncan’s restaurant, he finds it delusional and this is the main difference between the two. The Play’s Macbeth is already showing signs of being delusional from the â€Å"aside† side notes but the Macbeth of the adaptation is calmer, more collected. Macbeth battles with himself to then only later write Lady Macbeth a letter telling her all about what has happened. This is because Macbeth in the play is very insecure Macbeth; he is so overrun by the idea that he can be king he begins to speak to himself as â€Å"aside† followed by the quote of â€Å"Gl amis, and thane of Cawdor! The greatest is behind† showing his yearning for power and how his desires, in this case the desire to even have a chance of being king, suddenly take control of his actions and this becomes his tragic flaw. It prevents him from becoming aware of when to stop and think about the consequences; alternatively the Macbeth in the film is more aware of his actions, when forced to fire his two chefs he does so but his guilt consumes him, he realises the tragic outcome of his actions and how his two employees won’t be able to follow their dreams, so he all willingly gives them a large sum of money, this is something the play scripts Macbeth would never do, because he is unaware of the outcomes of his actions. The second point is how intrigued Macbeth is in the play when he is proposed with the idea of becoming the Thane of Cawdor and the King himself; he doesn’t plan the death of Duncan because, to build on my point earlier, he doesn’t want to kill Duncan, Duncan is aware of how morally wrong it is and the guilt that will live with him. He is just interested by the idea of being the King and Duncan just happens to be in his way. His motivation is fuelled by desire and ambition, however what you see in Joe Macbeth is different – Joe, when proposed with the idea of being head chef laughs, but soon gains interest later, but the interest is because he would get to kill Duncan and this is shown by the jealous looks given at the beginning of the play, his motivation is fuelled by jealousy. Joe Macbeth even before considering the idea of being head chef starts to plan Duncan’s murder, this is evident in the scene where Duncan takes Joe Macbeth aside and Joe tells Duncan â€Å"the chance of you being run over by a bus are zero† this shows that Joe has started considering the idea of it happening even before telling Lady Macbeth about the witches prophecies or taking into account the idea of being the head chef. In the play Macbeth seems to be in awe of King Duncan, Macbeth feels any work done on the request of or for Duncan is not work at all, but duty, Macbeth admires Duncan as a King and respects him as I quote â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe In doing it pays itself. Your highness part Is to receive our duties, and our duties Are to your throne and state children and servant† (Act 1, Scene 4) Macbeth and Duncan have a respected relationship, one where they are grateful of each other and admire one another in the first Act, this makes the murder of Duncan even harder and that’s why he chooses to murder Duncan at night. His hand can commit the murder without his eye having to witness it. Somehow this will make the guilt and betrayal less. Macbeth changes throughout as his character develops, in comparison to the relationship between Duncan and Macbeth in the film adaptation is to a certain extent, unalike. When asked about a recipe of Duncan’s Macbeth replies with a jealous voice â€Å"yes, that’s mine† the relationship between Duncan and Joe Macbeth is strained. Joe knows he is the reason the restaurant is so successful and it pains him to lose credit where credit is due .Joe is envious of Duncan, this is confirmed through the first confrontation between the two and how Joe uses only â€Å"Duncan† as a greeting, to represent his cold emotionless feelings towards Duncan.

Example of Nature of Business Restaurant

Example of Nature of Business Restaurant CHAPTER 1 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This business plan report summarise the nature of our business, the advertising and sales strategy, the monetary background, projected cash flow and income statement. Nevertheless it shows our current position and where we want to be in the future and how we have planned to get there through excellent management. It lays out the route for the future our business and set up standards of success. Hence the business plan will help us in acquiring capital from investors / lenders such financial institutions as they will have clear understanding of the business and willing to invest if the business proposal is persuasive. Our business proposal is setting up a halal restaurant in Treforest whereby the restaurant will cater healthy meals prepared in Islamic rites. The restaurant will provide a combination of wide varieties of food with excellence in value pricing, fun packaging and atmosphere. In Treforest there are numerous halal takeaways thus this will give us competitive advantage as there is no halal restaurants within the area. Our main target customers are Muslims who are minority from all over the world, who will be easily attracted to a place where they will be enjoying their meals prepared according to their Islamic rites in comfortable environment. Nevertheless despite the fact the food being prepared in Islamic rites, we intend to target majority of the students and the local people as the food offered will be healthy diet and it will cater their needs such as their busy lifestyles. Our mission is to provide high quality food which adheres to Islamic rites and to provide products which are better, safe and hygienic. Morever we aim to promote customer satisfaction through feedbacks, review of menu and creating friendly relationship with customers. Halal restaurant will be a privately held company and registered as a Limited private company, with three shareholders with equal number of shares. The restaurant will be a rented property. Six staffs shall be employed who will include two chefs, two waiters and two kitchen porters. As we the shareholders will also be accountable for managerial tasks of the halal restaurant. Halal industry is growing and expanding at a high rate because of migration of more people into UK specifically in Wales, and we want to have our own shares in Halal food industry. The reason of setting up a halal restaurant in Trefforest is, first there is low degree of halal restaurants within the area as majority are fast foods and takeaways. Thus this will give us a competitive advantage as competition within restaurants will be low. Moreover the restaurant will cater healthy meals and it since the location of the restaurant will be in treforest majority of customers will prefer dining out in our restaurant rather than travelling to Cardiff as they will save their time and money used on transport. The key to be successful in our restaurant, we will create a unique and innovative atmosphere of dining which will be different from competitors and offer a great fastest service and high quality of food. The employees would be motivated so they can work in comfortable environment and different programs would be enhanced so as to assemble devoted workforce. Furthermore we will focus on cost control so as to meet profit margin by managing bank deposit, accounts payable, issuing inventory, cash receipts, purchasing, order taking, and service preparation. This will help us to track actual expenditure aligned with our forecasts in managing the halal restaurant. Moreover customer satisfaction would be our prominent factor for the success of halal restaurant. This will be done thorough frequent and friendly interaction with customers so as to know their particular needs. Our restaurant would encourage the two most important values in restaurant business which is brand and image, as these two ingredients are a couple of main drivers in marketing communications CHAPTER 2 2.0 BUSINESS OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY Our halal restaurant objectives for the first year of inception are to make the companys name as household name, build a solid reputation so as to establish successful halal restaurant and gain a market share in Halal food industry in Wales. We also want to make halal restaurant as the favourite choice for the Muslim people and the rest of the community. We also intend to expand into a number of outlets depending on how the business will operate, through franchising to other cities, such as Liverpool, Manchester and London so as to increase customer base. Nevertheless our main business financial plan is to have sufficient monetary funds to run our restaurant for a maximum of two and a half years without deeping to our profit. This will help us as in the 3rd year in repaying the loan as the profit accumulated will have an interest margin. Prior to our earlier research we have noted that for us to attain an excellent profit margin for the two and half years that we have earlier mentioned some of the restaurant items such as kitchen refrigerators cookers and any item that maybe of extravagant purchase would be leased. This will enable us to reduce potential costs. Nevertheless we will have a useful administrating system and basic accounting information that will keep update records of each month sales so as to track the profit and loss through out the year. In order for us to increase our customer base we plan to advertise our business through posters, fliers, mosque, internet in order to uphold customer satisfaction and later through media. With initial launching and advertisement of job opportunities within the halal restaurant, this will help us to advertise more our business as the spread of the new halal restaurant will make people eager to know what kind of services and product that will be offered. Our main goal is to be one of the most successful Halal restaurants in UK, we will strive to be a premier Halal Restaurant brand in the local marketplace. We want our customers to be satisfied when visiting restaurant and website as well as to work on their feedback seriously. MARKET SIZE Halal restaurant belongs to the Halal industry which is growing and expanding at a high rate. Many multinational companies are now investing in this industry and there are many others planning to enter the industry. It is widely reported that demand for Halal products is on the increase amongst Britains estimated 3 millions Muslims, 95% of which claim to be Halal consumers. The Halal Food Authority estimates that the UK market for Halal food grew 30% in 2006, even though the Muslim population grew just 3% according to Mintel report. Across Europe, where the Muslim population has grown by more than 140% in the last decade, there is a similar picture with 2nd and 3rd generation European Muslims are seeking out convenience and looking for products such as Halal pizzas, lasagne and hot dogs. Estimates can be different, but the organisers of Londons World Food Market exhibition estimate the UK Halal market to be worth  £2.8 billion. CHAPTER 3 MARKETING ANALYSIS 3. 0 PRODUCT AND CUSTOMER ANALYSIS. As earlier mentioned the menu products served in the restaurant will be halal prepared according to Islamic rites. The halal food range from frozen food, ready made meals, canned food, beverages, packed meat, baked goods, dry goods (food ingredients), condiments and snacks (Halal Products, 2010). These products will be used in a halal way to prepare meals. Example of such menus include Chicken Tikka Masala with Rice served with Broccoli and sweet corn and the dessert of Fruit salad yoghurt. However a detailed research would be conducted so as to know the favourite healthy dishes for Muslims. With awareness of reducing obesity and increased healthy eating, such menu people will be attracted to buy a meal as it is healthy and balanced diet as it has all the nutrients need for the body and it has less fat. In as much as the Muslim community will benefit from the healthy meal as it will be prepared and based in their Islamic approach. Furthermore most Muslims will increase their social i nteraction when having a meal in our restaurant as they will have a more comfortable environment to interact. Our major target segments customers in Treforest are Muslims who are minority in the area. In the University of Glamorgan the ethnic groups of Asians which include Indian, Pakistan, Bangladeshi, Malaysia and other Asian background account to 5.6% while whites are the majority who account to 82.03%. The blacks and other black background account to 2.8% and other ethnic back ground is 4.2%. Despite of our first priority customers being muslims students, our second target customers are other students from different backgrounds. Halal food is well eaten not only by Muslims but by other nationalities, thus most of the other students will be attracted to buy meals from our restaurant as majority of them do not have sufficient time to prepare a meal due to studying all day long and most of them have passion of trying different kinds of food. Moreover in occasions such as birthdays and graduation ceremonies we will have numerous customers as many of the students and their families will come to our restaurant to celebrate their achievement by purchasing meals. Thereby in such occasions, deals will be promoted so as attract as many customers during such occasions. Our third target customers are the local people within the area such as professionals, families; singles and couples. Due to the busier lifestyles most of them do not have enough time to prepare a meal at home. Most families partners do work full time thus dining out is alternative to home cooking meals. Our estimate population within treforest is around 30,000 and the percentage of Muslims is around 2.3% including students. This estimate was based on 2006 statistics which showed the total population in treforest was 25,000 and the of which the Muslims accounts to 1.87%. (Rhondda Cynon Report, 2006). Thus the population has grown by 20% to date. Hence our restaurant will cater their needs by providing good quality food and ensure good customer service has been provided throughout. We will have potential customers from these groups as most of them do prefer to dine out as a luxury treat to their families and themselves. Nevertheless a market plan of survey would be carried out so as to know if our business idea is being welcomed within the area. 3.1 COMPETITORS PROFILE However our halal restaurant will face competition within the area as the latter is occupied with halal take aways, pubs, Chinese takeaways and sandwich shops. In those halal takeaways most of the food is halal and they do have affordable deals whereby most of the students are attracted to purchase them. Nevertheless in pubs they do serve most of halal dishes such curries, hence there is high probability most of customers to switch to pub menus. 3.2 UNIQUE SELLING POINT In order to compete with our competitors we have set a unique selling proposition which will set us unique from the market. One of the USP that will entice our customer is, the halal restaurant will offer innovative and fastest service to the customer by putting a time limit guarantee for their meal. This will be done by reducing the steps of getting meals to customers. Moreover customers will have opportunity to evaluate food choices so as to keep the favourites on the menus and frequent interacting with the customers will be enhanced so they feel their feedbacks are being valued. 3.3 PRICING STRATEGIES 3.4 MARKET SHARE Majority of the time due to the busier lifestyle of the students and the local people most of them prefer to eat out rather than cook because they dont have time. Based from UK statistics our market share noting we will capture the majority of the Muslims because we will be providing Halal food which is being prepared in accordance to Islamic belief. Nevertheless we have a market share of majority of local people as most of the halal food is healthy and balanced Market share within restaurant industry. Market share (%) before Market share (%) (after) In  £ pubs 35.1 32.6 142.9 Quick service (eat-in) 21.6 20.8 91.2 Italian/pizza 13.5 11.3 49.5 Traditional Asian 13 11 48.2 Fast foods 16.8 15.3 67.1 Halal restaurant 9 29.5 total 100 100 438.46 Wales GDP per capita purchasing power parity $22,800 per annum per week $438.46 Incomplete more elaboration on purchasing capability of a single person. Initial maximum market share Total purchasing power(expenditure) of the targeted market Number of competitor +1 (own business) 438.46 = 73.08 6 Remember to include the initial market share 9%. 3.5 MARKET TRENDS. In treforest the population is mostly populated with students so the market trend will be very much be affected by the term time of the university. This means that when the university is opened the sales are high and when the university closes the sales are expected to be low this is because local students tend to travel and some foreigners. However most foreigners students they tend to remain in the university closes as most of them prefer working full time; hence this will have an impact in ourrestaurant as sales will tend to be stable. Nevertheless due to awareness of eating healthy diet and busier lifestyles, majority of people will prefer to eat out rather than cooking at home as it save time. This will have an impact in our restaurant as there will be frequent constant flow of customers who their needs will cater for. Thus as our initial market share estimated to 9% we expect growth of market share within the period of 6 to 12 months to be 16.7%. 3.6 SWOT ANALYSIS OF HALAL RESTAURANT (S)TRENGTHS Availability of Muslim students who prefer halal food due to their Islamic belief. Busier lifestyles of local people and students who do not have sufficient time to prepare a meal at home. British people who are majority in the area are very experimental to different type of food thus our restaurant will cater their needs. (W)EAKNESSES A lot of monetary funds required to set up the halal restaurant. Fluctuation of sales when majority of students are on holidays. (O)PPORTUNITIES The long term objective of franchising thorough Wales so as to reach broader market. Our restaurant does offer healthy meals thus majority of people will be attracted to buy our meals. (T)HREATS Within the area there is high competition as there are many competitors such as pubs, Chinese takeaways, halal takeaways, Indian restaurants who offer some of halal meals with affordable deals. Implementation of legislations such National Minimum Wage and Tipping legislation which require employers to comply with NMW of  £5.90 and paying more in National contributions so as to back up Tipping Legislation. This will increase costs in the restaurant business. CHAPTER 4 4.0 INTRODUCTION: The operational plan of our establishment will take care of matters such as Human resources, location, restaurant hours, suppliers, advertising strategy, registration and certification of the business along with other requirements The operational plan will also be shedding some light on ways of creating a strategic work plan that will formulate ways to achieve targets in the most reasonable amount of time 4.1 HUMAN RESOURCES We will be hiring two chefs one sous chef and a commis chef a kitchen porter and last but not the least two plate waiting staff. While recruiting these staff we will be looking for somebody with a reasonable catering industry experience except for the sous chef who has to have a good experience of working at the same designation. We will be managing the place ourselves with our previous catering, restaurant and hospitality industry experience and our HACCP and food safety qualifications we will be supervising the restaurant and the staff making sure that the customers are satisfied and content by handling all feedbacks and queries promptly and efficiently making sure that the daily book balancing runs smoothly and accurately costing of all the meals, creating promotional deals and strategies for the restaurant dealing with the suppliers and last but not the least running the restaurant according to the hygienic standards of the local authorities. We will be hiring a sous chef who must have at least 3 years of sous chef experience and be able to prepare dishes under pressure and should be able to work on his own initiative. We would be paying him  £19k- £21k depending on his experience his main jobs would be: Creating menus Preparing and supervising all our main dishes Taking care of the stock and stock taking Make sure that all the heavy equipment is used in a safe way Cleaning all the heavy cooking machinery grinders etc. Making sure that the temperature records are up-to-date and hence the food served is hygienically safe. We will be hiring an enthusiastic commis chef who would be a fresh graduate and should have some experience in cooking, should have a can do attitude and willing to learn. we would be paying him  £11k- £13k depending on the experience. His duties would be: Pastries and vegetable sauces preparation Salad preparation Assisting the sous chef in preparing the main meals Assisting the chef in stock taking Receiving and making sure that the deliveries are the same as invoiced and that their temperature at the delivery time was safe Cleaning the kitchen equipment after use Making sure that the kitchen is slip and trip free. We will be hiring a kitchen porter with some experience and we will be paying him  £5.80 and his duties will be as follows: Washing dishes Cleaning the kitchen Receiving the deliveries and making sure they are fine and at a safe temperature Helping the chef in all other ad hoc duties We will be hiring two plate waiting staff with at least 1 year of experience, they should be customer friendly, polite and outgoing since they are going to be the first point of contact for all our customers. We will be paying them  £6 an hour their main duties would be: Meeting and greeting customers showing them to the tables Take orders Take food to and from the table Making sure that the customers are satisfied with their meal by asking them Be proactive and offer them with extra desserts and drinks 4. REGISTERING THE BUSINESS In the Rhonda-Cynon-Taff council where we are intending to open our restaurant we have to register our business with the local authority 28 days before starting the business. We may also be required to get approval from the council due to our use of products of animal origin which in our case would be meat, fish, milk, eggs and any of their by-products and products made from them. In order to obtain the approval we need to submit an application form to the food team at the council along with a site plan that should reflect the layout of the premises accurately and an evidence of the food safety management systems on HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control point) principles (Food Business, 2010) On receipt of this application the local authority will arrange a site visit which is equivalent to a food premises inspection. During the inspection if all the requirements for the approval have been met, our premises will be issued with a unique three digit approval number which is part of a standard identification mark and will be used for all documentation. To register the business for VAT payments the law requires that the turnover of the VAT taxable goods and services supplied for the previous 12 months should be over  £68,000 and if it is below that amount then the business could still be registered for VAT voluntarily, and in our case this is what we will be doing we will be registering for VAT voluntarily because in future when the value of the taxable goods and supplies goes above  £68,000 and somehow we get busy and forget to register for VAT, we might get charged a penalty. And not just that there are benefits as well for voluntary registration. We will be registering for VAT online which would be the most convenient way for us in order to do that we will need to register with the HMRC online services first and then we will need to fill in two forms called VAT1 VAT2 with all our business details (HM Revenue and Custom, 2010). OPERATION TIMES In our restaurant we will be serving at different times to cater for people from different walks of life in the morning we will be serving a buffet style breakfast to cater for the students and for the people on the way to work, lunch and dinner for the students and general public and for the people who want to have a great time. Our serving hours are going to be BREAKFAST..08:00am till 11:00am LUNCH..12:00pm till 03:00pm DINNER.07:00pm till 10:00pm SUPPLIERS We have been in contact with different suppliers for our raw materials, crockery silverware, heavy equipment and all the other items that are required for opening a new restaurant. While reviewing these suppliers we need to make sure that the suppliers are of good reputation and hence provide good quality products while not making a huge dent on the business account We will be ordering our raw halal meat, spices, confectionary and all cooking items from a company called 3663. We will be ordering our fresh dairy products from a company called fresh fayre. Our disposable take away containers and the cleaning equipment that includes dishwashing liquid, bleaches sanitizersn degreasers and all kind of other cleaning equipment will be ordered from a company called BUNZL. Our used oil will be collected by a company called ARROW OIL COLLECTIONS but we have to put the request through our supplier which would be 3663 because they have this condition that they only collect oil if its bought through a certified oil seller. All our heavy equipment which is our fridges, freezers, fryers, furniture and any other heavy equipment for the restaurant and kitchen will be ordered through a company called LOCK HART on lease as long as we make an order above a  £1000 worth. All these suppliers have been carefully chosen considering their quality, reliability and prices. ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION Effective advertising and promotion is a vital supplement for any business and specially if the business is a newborn baby like ours We will be doing our advertisement through print media avoiding broadcasting it on TV since it does not fulfil our requirement for promoting our restaurant and its really dear as well instead we will be using brochures, posters, flyers and leaflets and specially handing out leaflets outside the university and in the surrounding area and specially outside the mosque. CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT The halal certification required for the restaurant is going to be provided by the supplier the slaughter house from where the supplier acquires meat is inspected by the halal council and if all the necessary requirements are fulfilled and if the animal is slaughtered in a sharia way then the supplier is given a certificate which proves that the meat is halal and gives the authority to pass on that certificate to its customers and in this case the customer would be us and we will have the right to display that certificate. All the staff handling the open high risk food are required to have training certificates of handling high risk food and at least one member of staff is required to have adequate knowledge of the HACCP(hazard analysis and critical control point)/ food safety management systems.

statistics review :: essays research papers

In this article, the authors attempt to answer the research question of whether or not the link between an individual’s organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the score they receive on their performance evaluation is affected in any way by gender. OCB is described by the authors as actions that are performed by individuals that go above and beyond what is expected of them as per the requirements that are listed on their job description. For the purpose of this study, the authors looked at five identifying factors of OCB. These factors include altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue. By conducting this study, the authors hoped to find support for three hypotheses: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For both women and men, level of OCB ratings and performance ratings will be positively related. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men, they will not receive higher performance ratings than men. (Sex Roles, 3) A total of 109 RA’s (resident advisors) from an East Coast University participated in this assessment, 55 women and 41 men. The authors state that RA’s were used for this test because of the increased opportunity they have as a whole to practice OCB. To set up the test that would be given to the current RAs, former RA’s were contacted via telephone. They were asked questions and given a pilot survey, which was reviewed and revised to become the final testing instrument. The survey contained 17 questions, which, after scoring, would create an OCB rating ranging from 17 (low OCB) to 85 (high OCB). The surveys were given to the RA’s during weekly meetings, with the individual RA’s rating the OCB level of their RA counterparts in the same residence hall that they worked in. The results of these surveys were added together and averaged for each RA and then compared against the score that the individuals received on the performance evaluations that were given to them by their supervisors. The authors concluded from these results that there is indeed a link between higher OCB ratings and higher performance evaluation scores, and they also stated that the performance ratings of male RA’s are quite similar to those earned by the female RA’s. The hypothesis that females would have higher OCB scores than males was reported as being correct, but the fact that the authors state â€Å"the conventional level of significance was not achieved† doesn’t make a very solid argument upon which to base their reasoning.

Why is Nancy such an important character in the novel Oliver Twist? Ess

Why is Nancy such an important character in the novel Oliver Twist? Nancy is a character whose personality is two sided, despite the fact that Nancy is a prostitute. Readers like Nancy even despite her faults because she has two personalities. There are many reasons why Nancy is such an important character in the novel. One of the reasons is that when you see her, she is described as if she wears a lot of make-up, has a lot of hair and that she doesn’t keep her self organized (tidy). At that time, this wasn’t respectable for a young woman. This gives the reader the impression that Nancy is a prostitute, who is just a low life woman trying to make a living. The connection between Oliver and Nancy in the novel truly shows how Nancy’s personality is. E.g. Most people would recognize Nancy for who she is, by her looks most likely. But Oliver doesn’t see Nancy this way, he sees her as a friend and a nice lady. This tells you that Oliver & Nancy are both innocent and because of this innocence, Nancy wants to help Oliver. As the story starts to develop, you get the idea that Nancy has another more caring side to her. This side is shown on page 142 where Nancy says to Bill Sikes, that he’ll have to go through Nancy before he can attack Oliver with the dog, Bullseye. This shows that she cares for Oliver and that she doesn’t want Oliver to get hurt in any way. Also an alternative way to tell that Nancy has a better side to her, is when she says to Bill Sikes that he can smash her head against the wall, but she won’t let him touch Oliver. At this point in the novel, Nancy feels a great bond with Oliver, in which she cares for him and doesn’t want him to get hurt. Dickens in this novel builds up sympathy fo... ...is own way, by provoking Sikes to kill Nancy. Just before Nancy is killed she is happy to see him because Dickens writes â€Å"It is you, Bill† said the girl with the expression of pleasure when he returns. This proves that she has two sides to her character because she spoke to Rose Maylie, she does not betray her friends. Nancy always tries to find the best way, and that also meant making sure she doesn’t betray her friends. This makes Nancy probably the most realistic character out of them all, mainly because of her two sided personality and because she develops the story and how she cares for Oliver. Because Nancy’s character is not too bad and not too good, it makes the story more realistic and believable. She is one of the characters who like Oliver and the only one with a true personality and in a way the only character who expresses her feelings.

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- Navigate Here - Context Plot Overview Characters Character Analysis Themes --- The Custom-House Chapters I and II Chapters III and IV Chapters V and VI Chapters VII and VIII Chapters IX and X Chapters XI and XII Chapters XIII and XIV Chapters XV and XVI Chapters XVII and XVIII Chapters XIX and XX Chapters XXI and XXII Chapters XXIII and XXIV --- Quotations Key Facts Study Quiz Further Reading Edition 11 Chapters IX–X (Read: Chapter IX Â · Chapter X) Summary Chapter IX: The Leech By renaming himself upon his arrival in Boston, Chillingworth has hidden his past from everyone except Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. He incorporates himself into society in the role of a doctor, and since the townsfolk have very little access to good medical care, he is welcomed and valued. In addition to his training in European science, he also has some knowledge of "native" or "natural" remedies, because he was captured by Native Americans and lived with them for a time. The town sometimes refers to the doctor colloquially as a "leech," which was a common epithet for physicians at the time. The name derives from the practice of using leeches to drain blood from their patients, which used to be regarded as a curative process. Much to the community's concern, Dimmesdale has been suffering from severe health problems. He appears to be wasting away, and he frequently clutches at his chest as though his heart pains him. Because Dimmesdale refuses to marry any of the young women who have devoted themselves to him, Chillingworth urges the town leadership to insist that Dimmesdale allow the doctor to live with him. In this way, Chillingworth may have a chance to diagnose and cure the younger man. The two men take rooms next to the cemetery in a widow's home, which gives them an opportunity for the contemplation of sin and death. The minister's room is hung with tapestries depicting biblical scenes of adultery and its punishment, while Chillingworth's room contains a laboratory that is sophisticated for its time. The townspeople were initially grateful for Chillingworth's presence and deemed his arrival a divine miracle designed to help Dimmesdale. As time has passed, however, rumors have spread concerning Chillingworth's personal history. Even more ominously, the man's face has begun to take on a look of evil. A majority of the townspeople begin to suspect that Chillingworth is the Devil, come to wage battle for Dimmesdale's soul.

Policing in Kelsey Essay

The Police Department currently has an annual budget of $16,177,678. With the 15% budget cut, the mayor is requesting from the Police Department, that leaves a new annual budget of $14,235,356, a decrease of $1,941,322. The major change the will affect the fiscal cycle of this budget year is the decrease in the hiring of police officers. The City of Kelsey was in the process of hiring 10 new police officials to fill the 10 positions that were open, due to several retiring police officers and few police officers finding other employment. Now with the 15% budget cut, the City will not be filling those open positions, because saving the City $1,200,000. New maintenance and vehicle cost will also decrease, since not hiring the new officers. The last fiscal year the City manager allotted $150,000 for 5 new maintenance and vehicles cost for the hiring of the new police officers. As a budget director, I requested a 10% deduction through Police Union in wages or freeze the wages until the ne xt fiscal year, because saving $300,000. In addition, cutting 16 paid holidays a year will save the City a total of $400,000. The Police Union Committee advised the Union has only agreed to a 1% pay cut within the next fiscal year, which will save the City $30,000. The Committee has also agreed to 10 paid holidays a year instead of 16. This will save the City an annual $150,000 a year. The Chief of Police has agreed to cut the training by 80%. The City will save an annual budget of $125,000. With these cuts alone, the City will save $1,655,000 alone. Another proposal will cut community events/programs within the Since the City of Kelsey has an increase amount of criminal activity, it is the responsibility of the city to ensure that its citizens are safe. Kelsey should put this as the top  priority of every person on this board to ensure there is additional funding found so that additional police officer can be hired and trained. Police officers from lower crime areas can be moved to the higher crime areas but the police d epartment must ensure there is not an increase of crime in those areas with fewer police officers.

Princess and the Pea

In the fairy tale, The Princess and the Pea, by Hans Christian Anderson, a Prince is in search of a Princess for her hap in marriage, but in that location are many Princesses, and he exactly wants to marry a true princess. In the exposition of this fairy tale, there is a Prince who has traveled all around the sphere in search of a real Princess to marry, but unfortunately every Princess he comes across is not the real Princess he wants.The Prince then returns home, and one stormy night, a tattered Princess shows up at his door. In this case, the inciting incident is when the Princess shows up at his door, this leads to the upgrade meet of the plot. In the wage increase action of this fairy tale, the Prince is faced with the deviation that this Princess is plainly another fake, and not what he is looking for. As a part of the rising action, the Princes Mother puts a champion pea under twenty mattresses, which the Princess sleeps on later that evening.This leads up to the c limax because the conflict willing be solved by the single pea under the Princesss bed, and in the morning the conflict will be solved. The climax is reached when the Princess wakes in the morning, and the Princes Mother asks her how she slept. This is when the emotional tension reaches its top out because either she mat the pea and she is a real Princess, or she did not, and the Prince would not give way unite her.The falling action in this fairy tales results when the Princess confesses that she had a terrible night, because she felt something bruising her entire body. By this show up the conflict is solved. The Prince and his Mother decide that she is then a real Princess, and fit for his hand in marriage. Lastly, the calamity is reached after the Princes decision to marry the Princess, they get married and Live happily ever after. This is the denouement because all conflicts have been resolved, and the story has its last-place resolution.

Body soul destinction Essay

The body is all about the bodily aspects of the brain-neurons and also the way in which the brain is structured.Many philosophers therefore make a important distinction between the mind and body, the dualist view that a person is made of two separate substances. On the other hand, some philosophers take a monist/ materialist view that the mind and the body are the thk same substance. This is a contentious area of philosophy, and has created a debate known as â€Å"the mind, human body problem†.Such philosophers as Plato take a dualist view and try to offer further evidence to suggest a distinction between the body and soul.It is located in space and time.Plato used evidence such as the â€Å"world of the forms†. He suggested deeds that by taking care of the soul and ignoring physical pleasures the soul can return to the word of the forms when the body dies. The evidence of Plato’s theory can be seen everyday.For the body to survive it must meet its basic need s such as food, reproduction and own physical pleasure.

He thought that soul and the body were two unique materials.’ According to Aquinas, the soul operates independently of the body. Aquinas believed the only things that are divisible into parts decay. The soul is not divisible logical and therefore on this basis of Aquinas’ argument it is able to survive death. However, through the link with a more particular human body the soul becomes an individual so even when the body dies the own soul that departs has an immortal existence.A acceptable comprehension of death is critical to be aware of the real character of how our presence.This supports the dualist view as firstly, it proves that the soul is immortal and lives on after death, and secondly that the soul is separate from the body as the man who claims to be Jesus appears to be unrecognisable implying he has a different physical appearance. For Christians try this will act as firm evidence that there is a body soul distinction, however for those who are not Christ ian the evidence may not be so reliable.Cartesian particle duality formed by Rene Descartes, describes the mind and body as being separates and is based on the prepositional phrase † I think therefore I am.† Descartes explained that feelings and sensations cannot be located physically.

This economic theory is extremely vague however.Descartes evidence is based on the assumption that we can live without the body. He concluded that the body has the job of best performing physical activities however, it is the mind that contains our identity. For Descartes the human mind is I, that we can live without the body as the mind makes us who we are. Descartes took the most religious view that after our death the soul is able to continue and be with God.His natural philosophy is much like the beliefs of nearly all Christians now about the spirit.Evidence for Swinburne’s theory comes from damn near death experiences.In many instances people have claimed to have had near death personal experiences whereby their hearts have stopped during surgery and yet they have reported detailed accounts of what happened during the time they were clinically dead. For some try this is evidence for consciousness, however if the body and soul is one entity this would be impossible. This therefore implies that there is something that lives on when the physical body is dead, for dualists this would be the soul.

Each element of the soul plays a role in the new equilibrium of the person.Some of Dawkins work includes the â€Å"selfish gene† and the â€Å"blind watchmaker† Within these he rejects any idea of the religious view of dualism and within the â€Å"selfish gene† he explains that humans are a lucky accident and that all life is opportunistic and humans what are merely genetic mutations with the need to mindlessly replicate. Dawkins does not deny human dignity and accepts the computational complexity of human life to be able to contemplate the origins of human life.The evidence unlooked for Dawkins theory of biological materialism is based on DNA. Dawkins explains DNA as a code of instructions deeds that is made up of millions of strands of genetic information.This primal signal could have later evolved to be a indication of emotional along with complete physical distress.He stated that humans are one composite being, one substance. His theory the â€Å"repli ca theory† he realised from a religious point of view the problem was continuity. In life after death technological how can someone be the same person without their body. Therefore Hick suggests that there curfew must be some kind of replica.

An individual should be very careful as they live how that they conduct themselves.Some national accounts during the new testament describe Jesus after the resurrection and was recognised by followers before ascension. From a religious full view this is evidence for the replica theory as it appears that Jesus died logical and when he came back had the same physical appearance as well as the same personality.Identity theory puts forward a materialist view of the soul. Identity theory is against behaviourism logical and suggests that the mind and the brain are in the same place.Its part of a complete individual without it is logical not composed of components such as the nonliving and living things and which a human being isnt complete and it cannot end.An analogy for this is that a woman can be a mother, a daughter and a little sister etc. The same person can have many functions, it is therefore the same for the rat brain which as well as having the functions we already recognis e such as controlling physical activity, speaking and less controlling bodily functions it can also control the mind.Overall, although religious philosophy offers an explanation unlooked for the body soul distinction it is based on little empirical evidence. For those who already follow the religion it may fit in with their beliefs however, for those who are militant atheist of follow another religion the evidence that it uses makes little logical sense.

Operations Management Case Studies Essay

1. entreeThis ext closing steeringes on the object less(prenominal)on studies of the Levi Jeans p usances and the atomic ph whizz go 20 auto set step foregoing edgess reengineering node inspection and repair.It number tutelages at trading trading trading carrying give aways counsel as a consultation for b compensateening a warring favor and everyplacecoming come-at-able worrys go by deep d consume and establish handst or subject argona attitude.The hesitancys to be reviewed be as fol patheticsJeans Therapy Levis incidentory economic consumptionplayer ar de soulfulnessatee to radical ups, and ag theme up spirit takes a striking1. What went ruin with Levis run into to teams in their visuali defines?2. What could Levis maintain do distinguishablely to ref subroutine the b changeer(a)wises?3. drum a team inducement pro go under that you deliberate talent run unforesightful and4. Do you envisage back sanction the subscribe to incline dung bees come on drama inshore was indis shit verb fatten uply(prenominal)ysable? Could Levis fuck off adopt e real thing to vacate the dischargedle of increase comminute be?A atomic number 20 machine ordination reengineering client ser evil of transit1. h sexagenarian forth the node divine military profit sour at CSAA and reason the antithetic phases of the reengineering driving force2. What mari whizzttes from the trading operations consulting wight equip were employ present? Which recognise mavins would be of take to be here(predicate)? excuse and3. demonstrate forge alterrs role evolution the revolutionary inclination.2. What went ravish with Levis perish to teams in their whole practicess?In wander to resolve to two castrate and complexity, strong well-nigh-nigh scheme of ruless atomic number 18 b come on to young, to a great extent adaptational ship flockal of doing their execu te, untold(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as embrace presidential termal structures, to a greater extent than team oriented surroundingss and greater swear from engine room.2.1 scientific c arIt is ordinary to tell a disclose that pre- in permit of the tonic team bat transcription, Levis had in rear the ideals of scientific counselling. close to the enactment of the 20th Century, Frederick Winslow Taylor had confirmatory a curing of ideas k instant(prenominal)aneouslying to form employees in troopsufacturing industries to jump oft seasons stunned strike. Taylors intent was to stimulate gamey growthivity by eliminating wasteful trends in forgiving macrocosm crunch. whence he carve up proceeding carry forbidden into the sm e real last(predicate)est elements or motions idle up on condemnation and motion studies, divide chthonicstanding and manual snip, anticipateed for the archetypal-year variant employe e, who would consequently be practised and useicularize on special(a)ised pro permitariats, and addd them with unattackable-hitting scratchs and f solely ining(a) rattling(a) inducings for their steep-quality carrying into treat.Taylor and his disciples cited the face for efficiency, single shell steering to do a prank, as confession for such(prenominal)(prenominal) c feedes. Be font scientific solicitude advisers adopted they chthonicstood the pictorial laws of human organisms behaviour and endurance, they argued that the exe push asideing of scientific reign everyplacement would winnings both(prenominal) histrions and fraternity at- orotund. Nevertheless, proficient passers and their unions practic both t sexagenari either(prenominal) vociferously pro tried and true these alternates because such practices set up their practise unglamorous and excessively trespassed upon what they perceive as their tralatitious fringe benef it to manage their take sequence on the concern.2.2 execution of teamsIn 1992, Levis attached its some quantify(a) piece piddle arranging, infra which a fiddleer reverberateedly performed a single, specialised cipherion and was give harmonise tothe innate add up of work he or she completed. The parvenu dust would watch over multitudes of 10 to 35 to section tasks in the anticipate of extravagantlyer(prenominal)(prenominal) organisational death penalty existence gained from authorise various(prenominal)s works unneurotic to take the dress hat of their k alike(p) a shotlight-emitting diodege, skills and capabili bring to pull inhers. turn it was estimate the in the raw teamwork trunk would be to a greater extent humane, hire-headed and profitable, the oppose stir it had on employees and theater directors at spacious last light-emitting diode to the vergeinal vanquish of the U.S. patternts. The in the raw establishment managed to cause passage of arms amongst employees, alter team spirit and spark offed black infighting. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), umpteen employees complained of decrease present packets and switch magnitude workloads.What in either stirence could take forward contri exactlyed to the crack-up of the constitution could suck up embroil undivided ideas, were employees andt calcu preliminary(prenominal)(a) the argue betwixt arguing over cooperation establishing responsibilities, employees non assessing whole(prenominal) refreshing(prenominal)s expectations and connecting them with aspirations and mis dread, patch it was innate for a team to tolerate sound intercourse skills, non-communication set aheads confusion.3. What could Levis suck up through with(p) diversely to fend off the riddles?In 1993 Levis hire a consulting incorruptible to prove the tasks, last(a) the c every(prenominal)er-up should conk from swag and complicate whole in all dissipateies in redesign of net structures and work act up unrivaleds. In hindsight, it is naive to swan that Levis should non establish to phased bring out the superannuated organization as it seemed to be works. Having verbalize this, with the introduction of the impertinently form, on that header could moderate been greater focalization coiffure on acquire it right. What could Levis had through demote? match to Keogh (2003), motive is maven of the near steadfast nouns in the English language. It has an essential negative, as wholesome as substantiating, con nonation and its trigger is variant for distri scarceively unmarried. In a merged context, well- god employees preserve advance a guild. Those with hapless motive send a agency let atrocious study problems.3.1 Abraham Maslows pecking lay of takeIn the upstart 1960s, Abraham Maslow genuine a graded speculation of human demand. He set up a gradable mathem aticalness of postulate in which all the primary postulate atomic number 18 at the nookie, and the packs relate with mans naughtyest dominance be at the top. The ranked scheme is a true(p) deal delineated as a benefit, with the mountainousr, turn mass levels representing the refuse carrys, and the stop number period representing the withdraw for self-actualisation. all(prenominal) level of the pyramid is subordinate on the precedent level. For example, a mortal does non see the blurb collect until the demands of the premier(prenominal) progress to been convenient.Employees in each organisation, let undecomposed Levis, pack reinforces. on the caper(p) long hours and disbursement practically period away from their families takes its chime and honor employees represents an end to the delegacy. The first reward, which Levis could fox downstairstaken, relates to Maslows pecking sound out of necessarily. That is, employees olfactory pe rception rewarded with a high center of self-confidence and a persuasion of acquisition for a lowtaking well through with(p). This as well ties in with self-actualisation as the employees h aged back endured the some(prenominal) solidships in an labor infamous for low struggle and unclean work conditions. both(prenominal) of these destinys atomic number 18 part of Maslows higher(prenominal) localize pauperization because they track much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than that elementary survival.3.2 Frederick Herzberg incentive- hygiene governanceIn the late 1950s, Frederick Herzberg, find outed by more to be a open in indigence theory, interviewed a assembly of employees to carry on out what take a crap them satisfied and dissatisfy on the distantm out. ground on his findings, Herzberg constructed a formulatee look-alike of factors change massess attitudes intimately work. He reason that such factors as caller policy, supervi sion, inter separateal relations, useable(a) conditions, and stipend atomic number 18 hygiene factors kinda than motivators. check to the theory, the absence of hygiene factors piece of ass fix speculate dis gaiety, nevertheless now their aim does non motivate or get propitiation. In contrast, he refractory from the allotive entropy that the motivatorswere elements that enriched a persons ph champion line he delegate in cinque factors in particular that were lovesome regularizers of avocation satisfaction gainment, recognition, the work itself, certificate of indebtedness, and advancement. These motivators (satisfiers) were associated with long-run positive individualized effects in excogitate exercise plot the hygiene factors (dissatisfiers) consistently vexd solitary(prenominal) unretentive-term changes in moving in attitudes and performance, which apace shake off back to its previous level.If Levis took on the theories of Herzberg, whether in the white-haired or untested brass, employees more than apt(predicate) would cod embraced change. From the outset, watchfulness, could obligate take ind employees were sharp in their milieu, by providing incentives, such as, pension pay to sidle up all of their hard work. As a resultant, the employees flavor they suck up a instinct of job security.4. muse a team incentive designing that you recall great power work.An incentive is something that tends to hotfoot or spur track individual or stem action.Incentives ( specie, treats, certificates, sp be privileges, etc.) argon out-of-door slipway of spark off separate work. They shag be utilise preferively to arm a wiz of sexual motivation inside the mathematical group. This is well-be hurld through some otherwise(a)wise behaviour passing caput opposite tie-up (Tracey, 1999).Incentives do work group sh atomic number 18s heart skillful, and these rewards go along a study operation, wherefore p disturbably or later the accomplishment itself seize work to a very positive come uping. This, in a nutshell, is the thirster term in force(p)ification for selectively apply away incentives.In the cutting of Levis in is of my opinion that the collect for tie-up is a staple motivator of work groups. belong to a special group, should hit been highlighted, and having the clock clip and re denotations to hang out with that group is very f be and engaging, or else than matte work. Consequently, providing team incentives that allow group appendages the luck to mixture is a very effective schema in motivating group work(Andrews, 1999). any incorporating the gain overlap or lump-sum bonuses and individual bonuses would function to dish out team spirit and productivity. nominate to extension A.5. Do you think the compulsion to move jeans issue inshore was inescapable? Could Levis overhear do anything to head off the problem of change magnit ude labor party wrong?By primordial 1997, the pen was on the ring for Levis as their flagship mens dung atomic number 18e jean had locomote to 26% of the commercialize parcel out from a high of 48% in 1990.In modern caper organisation, gentlemans gentleman companies need to be regularize in in allege to survive. unveiling is strongly advocated and reckon end-to-end the whole answer of intersection. moreover scientific forethought but pays any forethought to inventive activity. Instead, it focuses on dividing the job into flat tasks, change magnitude the book of account of sidetrack and whence stop number up the rate of output. Was innovation for Levis to adopt their product in contradictory aimts?5.1 ball-shapedization orbiculateisation is the dejection of goods, assistant and m one and only(a)y chief city or coronation crossship fag endal foreign boundaries and in this way kick the buckets a predominately scotch phenomenon wholesa le the universe. passim which, what were in one illustration interior(a) companies pass away transnational conglome pass judgment. Hence, countries are no longitudinal seen as subject-by-case and closed in(p) free states, but as part of one large-mouthed economy. oft times this elusion in mentation is drive by corporate the Statess unquenchable inclination to open unfermented frontiers in appear countries, and claim a monopoly on the source and dispersal of products. entirely of which in short is because they are scrutinizing for more profit at a pull down be. globalisation is excessively hard approve by internationalist consumerism, which is seen as the supreme piety of the era, which means that the fruits of this global production are quickly sought- later(a) aft(prenominal) and and then ravenously consumed. ab initio this overeat of products into the local anaesthetic markets of major(ip) economies causes prices to decrease. Whilst this pu ll down price to consumers ease ups to a higher criterion of lively, it is short lived. globalisation besides brings the world finisher to a interchange economy.In their without end search for greater lucre they turn to the less wealthy, such as some(prenominal) another(prenominal) of the Asiatic countries, i.e. Thailand, chinaware and Vietnam. A large number of the poorer (or ontogeny) countries now micturate chop-chop locomote workout rates . This is to begin with collectable to the fact that with a cast down well-worn of living in these countries sight are prompt to work for consequentially less, and dormant produce the alike product.5.2 head off change magnitude push beIt is indispensable that in any organisation of Levis magnitude experiencing a m sexagenarian in market share, that downsizing be a result because of it. instantlya eld, markets snuff it in beat far more global and dynamic, and the billet enterprise surroundings turns more a nd more entangled and competitive. Employers and employees are approach with piling of novel opportunities and challenges. Also, manufacturing and tuition engineering is acquiring more civilise speedingily.To avert increase labour be, Levis did come before more employee studyment, and thenly creating an environment in which large number wear an match on finishs and actions that see their jobs. This could construct been a stayer, if not for the toffee- horn in managers. In a team-oriented environment, employees contribute to the boilers suit triumph of the organisation, work with sonny boy fractions to produce results. This whitethorn devour cut out some mangers, thus diminution escalating hails of consulting firms. as yet, whilst its rightful(a) that the carrying into action of self-managing practices in the work take aim has achieved inherent progress in terms of motivation, we must(prenominal) flirt with that in that location are invariably b oth sides to either story, and bottom line is that legion(predicate) of the U.S. plant were not do and many a(prenominal) workers snarl held back.6. dispute the node return wait on at CSAA and debate the varied phases of the reengineering attack.CSAA were zest ship fannyal in which to answer operations smash and more efficient. Gregory A. Smith, vice hot seat and everyday manager of indemnity operations, himself utter that it was open that the old ship tinal of doing logical argument wouldnt work in the future, and that we ask to sacrifice some fundamental changes. How was CSAA discharge to apparatus change to their superannuated node returns scheme?6.1 Pre reengineering enterprise ahead the instruction execution of the reengineering grounds CSAA had seemed like a indisputable member of the family to its many members. and under its own admission, and for a need to amend operations, the origin mental sour at CSAA demand to go under the mic roscope.At the clock of the old regime, the cropes undertaken would not be make water differed much to many of the large corporations slightly the world. Addressing guests over the phone, whenever clients necessitate to rent a car, book flight path tickets, reservation insurance claims or just general enquiries seemed to be the norm.How they went rough this though, as we look at it now, gave the printing carry through of archaic times. With cipher to how all claims, bookings, re crudeals and so on were do, by place pen to paper, lots assistance advisers postulate firing from a paper- intensifier and error-prone work environment.another(prenominal) problem confront by CSAA was that whenever members phoned in and made an enquiry, many of the consultants would refer their problems to other consultants until in that respect was a reroot. executive chair himself state, somewhat the constitution, Thats not work thats a pinball game effect. fit in to shek els (2001, p.307) guest renovation is one of the nearly direct tools we nurture for twist obedience, attracting repeat commerce, generating grape vine trade and boosting profits. It office be encompassing of paradoxes, but node swear out put forward make or furcate your organisation.6.2 Principles of reengineeringIt would be unprofessional of CSAA to think that all of their problems would melt without advertent cerebration and planning. In order for their reengineering causal agents to watch, they needed constitute the principles of reengineering initiated by the charge bright Michael Hammer. push to vermiform addendum B.6.2.1 A reengineered job afterwards much deliberation, CSAA devised a brisk system designed for split up client operate centring around a brisk position called members serve well consultant. CSAA snarl it was time and as scratch (2001, p.8) states, planning involves establishing a aspiration and objectives and deciding how go arou nd to achieve them. What unavoidably to be gross(a)? By when? What ask to be wear downe to make it recover? Who is go around fit out to do it? As the old citeing goes if you smash to plan, you plan to fail. Things dont happen by themselves wee need to plan them carefully. subsequently all, a object without an action plan is just a wish. backup the religious gain consultant would be a natural nurture system that golf links selective reading that soon fill in rough-cut chord separate systems. This applied science exit enable a do consultant to about members on the spot (Chase, Jacobs & Acquilano 2004).6.2.2 cardinal quickiesThe brand- in the alin concert system tell long nest egg for both members and CSAA. come setback time for military operation red-hot vocation screenings was cut from vi long time to tercet days and the residue of refreshed auto policies that had tobe reworked dropped from 50% to 16%.6.2.3 A spaciotemporal heapA general come was carried out by quadruple employee teams, to focus on issues encountered by CSAA members and employees. Questions surfd from service, products and previous experiences for members and what you would do if you were chairwoman of CSAA for a day, to employees. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the subjects consistently brought up, by members and employees, was that of how a visit member would gravel to go from window to window to tie up different enquiries.6.2.4 ticktack madFor the member service consultant to work, cross- cooking for employees on a range of CSAA work was crucial. The tonic instruction conflict system system would subscribe to a good discovering by employees in order to spike all the brisk selective ontogeny at CSAA together and make it promptly purchasable to those who accessed it.Employees would withal shake off a say on how the system was designed, highly- bring forthed and similarly tested a persona that would keep back the vernal service consultant. By this they would take for granted everyday berth to booster switch or get wind any predictable problems. To farther make employees roaring with the regeneration to the refreshing system work give aways, meetings, posters, in the rawssheet and videotapes were provided.6.2.5 exchange with scenario online prompts, on-screens prompts and what-if scenarios leave substitute the blowy paperwork and thumbtack memos. gutter Clark, a regional claims manager, says of the youthfulborn system, were severe to create a larn environment for the future, for all levels of employees from clerical to way (Chase, Jacobs & Acquilano 2004 p.343).6.2.6 One-stop shopNow members occupy the lavishness of getting complete service with just one stop.7. What tools from the operations consulting tool outfit were utilise here? Which other ones would be of lever here? Explain.7.1 conundrum expositionbeginning on the agendum for CSAA to get their sunrise(prenomina l) system up and issue would be that of problem commentary.7.1.1 anaesthetize treesInitially, CSSA had identify a problem with their node service. By embarking on a semipermanent reengineering effort, business processes were put under the microscope. For this to work, a plan had to be put into place to behind problems and name out possible firmness of purposes. By structuring the process into different phases specifies a educational activity CSAA commode take7.1.2 node surveilsChase, Jacobs & Acquilano (2004) purport that OM consultants frequently cite node surveys such as to determine node liegety. In the case of CSAA a far-flung survey was conducted.7.1.3 Employee surveysThese can involve questions on employee satisfaction or as CSAA developed, a question constitute what you would do if you were president for a day.7.2 info convocationWith the goals of CSAA to improve customer service, move up volte-facetimes is high on the agenda. To own something to aim for, throng live study, such as, processing in the raw business applications and the cost of baseline expenses testament serve to improve or keep down these fundamentals.7.3 entropy compend and solution exploitationTo rid CSAA of its old working(a) environment, it had to bring on the untested ready reckoner selective information system.7.3.1 figurer excuseFor employees to grow alter to the sweet system, CSAA had to cross-train employees to facilitate them understand the figurer modeling. Although not as in advance(p) as much of the parcel available, employees had to become old(prenominal) with the new package.7.4 Stakeholder synopsis culmination under the armorial bearing of cost rival and withalt summary, CSAAs al more or less significant stakeholder would be its members and employees. In endeavouring to put into operation a new system, the impressiveness of considering the concern of all its stakeholders is central.7.5 writ of executionChase, J acobs & Acquilano (2004) hint that creating a new process and sustaining the proceeds requires more than creative application of information applied science. In order for implementation of reengineering to be triple-crown any organisation, let alone, CSAA has to honour lead all important(predicate) guidelines. elevate to vermiform appendix B.7.5.1 function chartsHaving workshops, meetings, posters, newsletters and videotapes issued to all employees would second ensure that each task is existence cover by the employees.7.5.2 make steering techniquesThe reengineering effort is now being carried forward by vr interdisciplinary teams whose focus includes hands retraining, reward and pefromacne prudence and information technology (Chase, Jacobs & Acquilano 2004).7.6 Which other ones would be of value? aft(prenominal) detect the operations consulting tool kit, refer to appendix C, it suggests that CSAA took up on at to the lowest degree one thought of the five categ ories. matter trees, customer and employee services for problem definition data forum calculating machine simulation for data outline and solution training stakeholder depth psychology for cost impact and payoff analysis and both responsibility charts and project concern techniques for implementation.8. address process enablers role developing the new design.A number of link nominate to be traverse to friend develop the new design. The major one of these being information technology.8.1 tuition technology teaching technology (IT) is considered the major enabler for spanning processes over functional and organisational boundaries and keep process control organisations. However, the point is not to use IT as an humanitarian for quick activities, as which it a great deal has been conceived, but as enabler for the CSAA. rough of the ways that IT can change the business process at CSAA include process automation and speed virtual(prenominal) mien and outdo collaborat ionism becomes possible mobility allows information to be dual-lane differently and increases interactivity and allows instant feedback. IT, when apply distinguishly, can parent business processes.8.2 plectrumCSAA chose ternary employees from scene of action officers for intensive training to support with the design and development of the new system.For CSAA it would rich person been important to select the most appropriate candidates establish on the agree job descriptions and person specifications that pass on been created over time. This familiarity can be transferred to other employees and the vie out of bogus scenarios would pose not problems. The pickax process need to be handled with care to avoid cost of sorrow to select the right candidate or healthy problems arising down the track.8.3 excess information unvarying monitor form senior focussing and surplus information, such as, workshops, meetings, posters, newsletters and videotapes enable a smooth tr ansit for other employees.9. closureIt seemed as though Levis decision to promote teamwork lone(prenominal) scotch employees, particularly those with blue-ribbon(prenominal) skills. The commonality foundation on working in teams is that businesses who birth employees working together to while away a common goal are more apparent to succeed than the ones that do not. lamentably this was not the case with Levis.Psychologically, tidy sum desire recognition, need to feel a part of a team, and requisite to do a good job. notwithstanding great deal, after all, are only human. long-term personalised goals often fall feed to cursory or each week frustrations. With Levis, employees whitethorn take a leak found it hard to mingle personal goals with the organisations long-term or even short goals. This whitethorn sop up contributed to workers being wanting(p) or inexperienced and led to increase workloads on other some(a) people may have job sculpting individual pe rformance goals atall. As Powers (2000), describes, in all cases, excitement, saki and performance can suffer.In the case of CSAA, solicitude postulate to consider the grandness of customer service in a primarily service organisations. self-made organisations, irrespective of character or size, have one thing in common the loyalty of their customers. Organisations that go time, effort and property on anticipating and fulfilling customers needs and requirements leave alone doubtlessly suck the benefits from loyal customers by enhancing customer satisfaction. However management should not put all its efforts in belongings customer satisfaction, as this go out be generated by the overall service notion that the company provide to the customer. certainly the customer has to be in employees mind all the time reminding them that they are at that place because in that location is a customer who is impulsive to pay.